Here’s a comprehensive overview of the major Central Government schemes in India as of mid‑2025, organized into thematic categories. This covers their objectives, structure, funding, progress, benefits, and implementation mechanisms. Given the depth, this will run close.
1. Clean Water & Sanitation
Jal Jeevan Mission (Har Ghar Jal)
Launch & Goal: Introduced in 2019 under the Ministry of Jal Shakti to provide 55 litres of potable water per person per day to every rural household on a long-term basis by 2024 .
Funding: Total budget ₹3.60 lakh crore; central share ₹2.08 lakh crore, with cost-sharing between Centre and States (e.g., 50:50 in most states, 90:10 for Himalayan/Northeast regions) .
Progress: A vast expansion of piped water systems—linking homes once dependent on wells or borewells to clean supply systems.
2. Housing for All
Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY-U & PMAY-G)
- Urban (PMAY-U): Launched June 25, 2015. Offers credit-linked subsidies for housing loans to low- and middle-income urban residents, aiming to build 2 crore homes by March 2022 .
- Rural (PMAY-G): Launched April 1, 2016 (revitalizing Indira Awaas Yojana). Provides ₹1.2 lakh per unit for plain areas and ₹1.3 lakh in hilly states, disbursed in three installments linked to construction milestones—benefiting socio-economically disadvantaged groups.
Integration: These schemes converge with Saubhagya (electricity), Ujjwala (LPG), Swachh Bharat (toilets), and Jal Jeevan (water) for full household coverage .
3. Rural Empowerment & Infrastructure
MGNREGA (Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act)
Objective: Guarantee 100 days of wage employment per rural household, building sustainable assets like roads and water structures .
Funding & Impact: Over ₹7.8 lakh crore spent since 2014, supporting creation of over 8 crore rural assets; ₹86,000 crore allocated for 2025–26; women participation nearly 58% .
Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY)
Launched: December 25, 2000, to ensure all-weather road connectivity to rural habitations (populations over 500/250 in hills) .
Phase IV (Budget 2024): Targeting 25,000 new habitations, with 8.1 lakh km sanctioned and 7.65 lakh km completed .
4. Health & Nutrition
Ayushman Bharat – PM-JAY
Coverage: Provides ₹5 lakh per family per year for secondary and tertiary hospitalization covering ~55 crore beneficiaries .
Expansion: Allows an extra ₹5 lakh cover for individuals aged 70+, independent of existing family coverage .
Impact: By late 2023, ~27.16 crore Ayushman cards issued and ~5.9 crore hospital admissions authorized .
National Health Mission & Related
Focuses on strengthening primary healthcare, maternal-child health (e.g., Janani Suraksha Yojana), immunization coverage (Mission Indradhanush), and communicable disease control
5. Clean Energy & Environment
PM Ujjwala Yojana
Goal: Provide free LPG connections to women from BPL households, aiming to reduce indoor pollution .
Impact: Distributed ~9.6 crore LPG connections; extended to 75 lakh additional households—with ₹300 subsidy per refill .
Analysis: A 2024 NFHS-based study showed a modest 2.1 percentage point increase in LPG usage, especially beneficial for Scheduled Castes .
PLI (Production-Linked Incentive) Scheme – Electronics
Objective: Attract investment into electronics manufacturing—especially mobile phones—with a $2.7 billion PLI package targeting $7 billion in investments and creation of ~91,000 jobs over 5 years .
6. Agriculture & Farmer Support
PM-Kisan Samman Nidhi
Benefit: Annual ₹6,000 (₹2,000 × 3 installments) transferred to small and marginal farmers .
Update 2025: Embedded with enhanced support measures linked to crop insurance schemes .
Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY)
Launch: February 18, 2016. Ensures comprehensive crop insurance at subsidized premiums for farmers—covering food grains, oilseeds, commercial and horticultural crops .
2016 Reforms: Made participation voluntary, improved claim settlement, and strengthened survey/data protocols .
Soil Health Card & KCC
- Soil Health Card: Advises optimal nutrient usage to improve yields .
- Kisan Credit Card (KCC): Offers timely, affordable credit for agriculture and allied activities. 2025 budget raised interest subvention limits to ₹5 lakh
Kisan Rail & FPOs
- Kisan Rails: Refrigerated train services for perishable produce, enhancing farmer income
- FPO Promotion Scheme: Grants up to ₹18 lakh per Farmers’ Producer Organization to boost collective production and marketing
7. Entrepreneurship & MSME Growth
Pradhan Mantri MUDRA Yojana (PMMY)
Launch: April 8, 2015, to provide collateral-free loans to non-corporate micro-enterprises .
Loan Categories:
- Shishu: ≤₹50,000
- Kishore: ₹50,000–₹5 lakh
- Tarun: ₹5–₹10 lakh
- Tarun Plus: up to ₹20 lakh (added July 2024).
Scale: Over 52 crore accounts sanctioned, with ₹32.4 lakh crore disbursed by February 2025 .
Startup India & Fund of Funds
Supports startup ecosystem via a ₹10,000 crore “Fund of Funds,” alongside broader financial and regulatory incentives
PLI for Electronic Manufacturing
As mentioned, the PLI scheme aims to deepen electronics value chain, supporting mobile phone units, semiconductors, and associated industries .
8. Pensions & Financial Inclusion
Atal Pension Yojana (APY)
Provides a guaranteed pension ranging ₹1,000–₹5,000 monthly after age 60. ~7.47 crore subscribers (as of February 2025) contribute periodically, with government topping up if returns fall short
Unified Pension Scheme (UPS)
Launched August 2024, providing a fixed pension—50% of average basic pay—for central government employees with ≥25 years of service; effective April 1, 2025
- Families get 60% of employee’s pension upon death. Choice between UPS and market-linked NPS to be made by June 2025
9. Digital, Education & Cultural Initiatives
Digital India & GeM
Promoting digital infrastructure, literacy, and e‑governance; includes Government e‑Marketplace (GeM) for online public procurement .
Skill India & NSTI Upgradation
- Phase 2.0 programmes include AI, blockchain training with global partners .
- National Scheme for ITI Upgradation—₹60,000 crore over five years to modernize 1,000 ITIs and establish 5 National Skill Centres—approved recently .
e‑Commerce Regulation
Draft rules in 2021 plus RBI‑enabled PPI interoperability aim to boost secure digital trade .
PM Vishwakarma & Beti Bachao/Ptadhao
- PM Vishwakarma enhances craft-people’s outreach via clustering and market access .
- Beti Bachao Beti Padhao and Sukanya Samriddhi Yojana promote girl child welfare and saving schemes
10. Budget & Fiscal Incentives
Budget 2025–26 Highlights
- Infrastructure incentives: ₹1.5 lakh crore to states based on reforms in mining, roads, urban planning, etc.
- Food/fertilizer/rural job subsidies: ₹4.57 trillion allocated, including ₹860 billion for MGNREGA .
- MSME support: Larger credit limits and tax incentives; credit guarantee cover extended to ₹10 crore for certain loans
These flagship schemes illustrate the Central Government’s multi-pronged approach to:
- Basic needs: water, housing, cooking fuel, roads, health.
- Livelihoods: employment, farming, entrepreneurship.
- Social security: pensions, healthcover, insurance.
- Economic growth: digital adoption, industrial incentives, MSME support.
They function via centrally sponsored (cost-shared with states) or central sector (fully funded) models, employing Direct Benefit Transfers, insurance modules, credit-linked subsidies, and public asset creation.
By 2025, measurable impacts include improved access to finance (52 crore MUDRA loans), rural infrastructure growth (crore assets/roads), augmented housing and water support, LPG connections scalable to ~10 crore, and nearly 7 crore enrolled in pension schemes.
What would you like next?
- Detailed process help (e.g., how to apply for Ujjwala, PMAY, Ayushman Bharat, Mudra)?
- Scheme eligibility or benefit calculators?
- Local/state-specific data or portals?
Let me know and I can guide further.
